Yes. Shilajit supplements can contain heavy metals and other trace elements. That does not mean every shilajit product is dangerous, and it does not mean that finding a detectable amount of a metal automatically makes a product unsafe.

The real question is how much is present, which metal is involved, how often the Shilajit Supplement is taken, and whether the finished product has been properly tested. Shilajit is a naturally occurring mineral-rich substance formed in geological environments, so its elemental composition is not identical from one source to another.

Research has detected elements such as lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, nickel and other metals in some shilajit samples, while other samples have shown very low or undetectable levels of particular contaminants. More recent research has also demonstrated substantial variation between shilajit samples from different geographical origins.

This is why phrases such as 100% natural, pure, or even purified do not tell you enough by themselves. For Shilajit Supplement in Nigeria, what matters is sourcing, processing, manufacturing control, and, most importantly, laboratory evidence from the actual material being sold.

Can Shilajit Supplements Really Contain Heavy Metals?
They can, and there is a straightforward reason: shilajit is not an isolated chemical manufactured from a single purified ingredient. It is a complex natural material containing organic compounds and minerals that originate from its geological environment.

Elements can enter the material through the surrounding rocks, soil, groundwater and other environmental sources. The exact elemental profile can therefore vary according to where the material originated and the conditions under which it formed. A 2026 study examining 12 shilajit samples from different geographical origins found considerable variation in major minerals, essential elements and potentially toxic elements including lead, cadmium, mercury and nickel. Interestingly, the researchers reported that the toxic metals in those particular samples were below established toxicity thresholds.

That illustrates an important point. The presence of a metal and the presence of a dangerous concentration are two different things.

Suppose a laboratory detects a tiny quantity of lead. That tells you the instrument found lead above its detection capability. It does not, by itself, tell you that the person taking the supplement is receiving a harmful exposure.

The same principle applies to arsenic, mercury and cadmium. Risk depends on concentration, chemical form, amount consumed, frequency of consumption and duration of exposure. The actual serving size also matters. A concentration measured in the laboratory has to be considered alongside how much of the product a person actually takes.

This is why I would take a specific laboratory report much more seriously than a vague statement saying “tested for heavy metals.” A meaningful result tells you what was measured, in which batch, using what method, and at what concentration.

Which Heavy Metals Can Be Found in Shilajit?
Researchers investigating shilajit may examine a fairly broad range of elements. Depending on the analytical method and purpose of the testing, panels can include lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, nickel, chromium, copper, zinc, cobalt, thallium and other elements. Not every shilajit sample contains all of them, and finding an element does not automatically establish a health risk.

Research illustrates just how different individual samples can be. One study of shilajit sold from India and Pakistan detected numerous elements, including lead, arsenic and mercury. Another study of 12 geographically diverse samples found toxic elements such as lead, cadmium, mercury and nickel, but reported them below established toxicity thresholds in those samples.

Lead in Shilajit
Lead is one of the contaminants I would pay particular attention to when evaluating a supplement. Lead has no established beneficial nutritional role, and exposure can affect the nervous system, kidneys, blood formation and cardiovascular health. The consequences depend on the amount and duration of exposure, but lead exposure is taken seriously because repeated exposure can contribute to cumulative body burden.

Historical testing of traditional Indian medicines has found lead in some shilajit-containing products. One study, for example, measured about 8 micrograms of lead per gram in one shilajit sample and 10 micrograms per gram in another shilajit tablet product. Those findings are evidence that contamination can occur, not evidence that every modern shilajit product contains those amounts.

Arsenic in Shilajit
Arsenic deserves careful interpretation because “arsenic” is not a single toxicological category. Arsenic exists in different chemical forms, and inorganic arsenic is generally the form of greatest concern for chronic exposure. Arsenic occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust and can be present in soil, minerals and groundwater, so its presence in a natural material does not necessarily mean somebody deliberately contaminated the product.

For that reason, a report that simply says “arsenic detected” leaves an important question unanswered. Depending on the purpose of the assessment, total arsenic and arsenic species can provide different information.

Mercury in Shilajit
Mercury is another element that laboratories may include in a heavy-metal panel. Different chemical forms of mercury have different toxicological properties, which is one reason analytical testing is preferable to judging a product from its appearance or origin.

A laboratory result showing mercury at a very low concentration is not equivalent to mercury poisoning. The concentration, chemical form, serving size and frequency of exposure all matter.

Cadmium in Shilajit
Cadmium is particularly relevant to repeated exposure because the body can retain it for long periods. For a daily supplement, the question is therefore not simply whether cadmium can be detected, but whether the quantity contributes meaningfully to ongoing exposure.

Other Elements and Metals
Nickel, chromium, copper and zinc may also appear on an elemental analysis. Some of these elements are nutritionally relevant in appropriate amounts, while excessive exposure can create problems. The label “heavy metal” can therefore be misleading because it groups together elements with very different biological roles and toxicities.

Thallium is another element worth mentioning because recent research specifically investigated it in shilajit. A 2025 study detected thallium in several crude shilajit samples and in five of six commercial supplements it examined, while one commercial supplement had no detectable thallium. The study involved a limited number of products, so it should not be interpreted as evidence that all shilajit supplements contain problematic thallium levels.

Why Does Shilajit Contain Heavy Metals?
The simplest explanation is geology.

Shilajit develops in mountainous geological environments and contains material derived from its surrounding environment. Rocks contain naturally occurring elements. Soil contains minerals. Groundwater can carry dissolved elements. Organic material can interact with minerals during formation. The resulting composition can therefore be quite different from one geographical source to another.

Environmental contamination can add another layer. Industrial activity, mining, agricultural practices and naturally metal-rich geological areas can influence the elemental composition of environmental materials. Arsenic, for example, is naturally distributed throughout the Earth’s crust and can occur in soil, mineral ores and groundwater.

Processing also matters. Raw material may contain unwanted minerals or environmental contaminants that manufacturers need to control during purification and preparation. Poor manufacturing practices can introduce additional contamination through equipment, water, containers or other inputs.

This is where one of the most common misunderstandings about natural supplements appears.

“Natural” does not mean “contaminant-free.”

Nature produces minerals, but nature does not provide a certificate of analysis.

Geographical origin can be useful information, but it is not a substitute for testing. Even two samples described as coming from the same broad mountain region may not have identical elemental compositions.

Is Raw Shilajit More Likely to Contain Heavy Metals?
Raw shilajit generally presents more uncertainty because it is closer to the original natural material and has undergone fewer controlled processing steps.

That does not mean every raw sample contains dangerous amounts of metals. It means the manufacturer has more work to do if the material is going to be prepared consistently for human consumption. Raw material can contain soil, mineral particles and other substances that are not desirable in a finished supplement.

Purification is intended to separate or reduce unwanted material, but the exact process matters. Two companies can both describe their product as “purified shilajit” while using substantially different procedures and quality controls.

The practical lesson is simple: do not treat “raw” or “purified” as laboratory measurements.

A label describes what the manufacturer says the product is. A laboratory report tells you something about what was actually measured in a particular sample.

Does Purification Remove Heavy Metals From Shilajit?
Purification can improve the quality and consistency of shilajit, but “purified” should never automatically be interpreted as “heavy-metal-free.”

The word purification describes a process, not a guaranteed analytical outcome. Depending on the method, processing may remove insoluble material, unwanted particles and some contaminants. But the effectiveness of a particular process against a particular metal depends on the chemistry involved and the processing conditions.

Some metals can remain associated with organic or mineral components. A process designed primarily to remove physical impurities is not necessarily equivalent to a validated process designed specifically to reduce elemental contaminants.

This is why I would be cautious about impressive-sounding claims such as “100% detoxified” or “completely free of heavy metals” unless the company provides credible evidence supporting those claims.

The strongest approach is to treat purification and testing as separate controls. Purification attempts to produce a cleaner, more consistent material. Laboratory testing checks the result.

The finished product is what the consumer actually takes. That makes finished-product testing particularly valuable. FDA dietary-supplement manufacturing requirements in the United States likewise emphasize verification of finished batches against established specifications, rather than assuming that testing an ingredient automatically establishes the quality of the finished supplement.

How Are Heavy Metals in Shilajit Supplements Tested?
Modern elemental testing can measure extremely small quantities of metals. Laboratories may use several analytical techniques, depending on the element and the purpose of the analysis.

What Is ICP-MS Testing?
ICP-MS stands for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The name sounds intimidating, but the basic idea is straightforward.

The sample is prepared and introduced into an extremely hot plasma, which converts material into electrically charged particles called ions. The instrument then separates and measures those ions according to their mass-to-charge characteristics.

In practical terms, ICP-MS is a highly sensitive way of asking a sample, “Which elements are here, and how much of each is present?”

It can measure very small concentrations of elements, which is why it is widely used for elemental analysis. FDA’s own analytical methods include ICP-MS procedures for elements such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and others.

Which Metals Should Be Tested?
For a shilajit supplement, lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury are the basic contaminants I would want to see addressed clearly.

A broader panel can be even more informative because shilajit is a mineral-rich natural material and concerns are not necessarily limited to those four elements. Depending on the source and risk assessment, testing may also include nickel, chromium, copper, zinc, thallium and other elements.

The appropriate panel depends on the material and intended market. There is no single test that magically proves every conceivable contaminant is absent.

Why Does Third-Party Testing Matter?
Independent laboratory testing can add useful distance between the manufacturer and the result. It does not make the product automatically safe, but it gives the consumer evidence that can be examined.

Look for the laboratory’s identity, the test date, the batch or lot number, the analytical method, the actual measured results and the relevant specifications.

A company saying “our products are third-party tested” is less useful than a report showing exactly what was tested.

A good laboratory report also has limitations. Testing one sample cannot prove that every container in a production run has exactly the same concentration. Batch sampling and manufacturing controls are therefore important.

What Is a Certificate of Analysis (COA)?
A Certificate of Analysis, commonly called a COA, is a laboratory or quality document reporting analytical results for a material or product.

For shilajit, a useful COA should allow you to connect the report to the product you are holding. The batch or lot number is therefore crucial. If the bottle says one batch number but the document refers to another batch, the report does not provide direct evidence about your product.

The test date matters as well. An old report may describe a product made years earlier, while the company may now be using different raw material, suppliers or manufacturing processes.

The laboratory should also be identifiable. Ideally, the report identifies the analytical method rather than simply saying “heavy metals tested.”

Units need some explanation. Ppm means parts per million. In many solid materials, 1 ppm is equivalent to 1 mg/kg. Ppb means parts per billion, which is one thousandth of a ppm. These are concentration units, not doses.

A COA may also contain specifications and a pass/fail assessment. The actual numerical result is useful because it allows the reader to see what was measured rather than relying only on a conclusion.

Does a COA Prove That Shilajit Is Safe?
No. A COA is evidence, not an absolute guarantee of overall safety.

It tells you about the tests performed on a particular sample or batch. It does not automatically establish purity in every possible respect, nor does it predict every individual’s response to a product.

A current, batch-specific COA with actual results is nevertheless much more useful than a generic statement saying “laboratory tested.” FDA guidance concerning dietary supplements similarly emphasizes the importance of documented methods, limits and actual test results when relying on certificates of analysis.

Are All Shilajit Supplements Unsafe Because They Contain Metals?
No. That conclusion goes too far.

A metal being detected is not the same statement as a product containing a harmful concentration.

Imagine two products. Laboratory testing detects lead in both. Product A contains a very small concentration and is consumed in a small serving. Product B contains a substantially higher concentration and is taken every day. The mere word “lead” does not tell you that their exposure risks are identical.

Risk assessment considers concentration, serving size, frequency and duration of exposure. The particular chemical form can also matter for some elements.

Scientific evidence reflects this variability. A 2021 study of shilajit samples reported multiple elements, including lead, arsenic and mercury, at levels the authors considered concerning, while more recent research involving a different set of samples reported toxic metals below established toxicity thresholds.

The sensible conclusion is not “all shilajit is contaminated.” It is that shilajit products need quality control because their elemental composition can vary.

What Are the Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Shilajit?
Heavy metals are not one single category with one single health effect. The potential risk depends on the particular element and the amount and pattern of exposure.

Potential Risks of Lead Exposure
Lead exposure can affect several body systems. Higher or prolonged exposure can contribute to neurological, kidney, blood and cardiovascular effects. Lead exposure is especially concerning during pregnancy and childhood because developing nervous systems are more vulnerable.

That does not mean taking a properly controlled supplement causes lead poisoning. It means unnecessary lead exposure is something worth minimizing.

Potential Risks of Arsenic Exposure
The form of arsenic matters. Long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic can affect the skin, cardiovascular system, nervous system and other organs and is associated with increased cancer risk. The actual risk depends on dose, duration, route and chemical form.

Potential Risks of Mercury Exposure
Mercury toxicity depends heavily on the chemical form and exposure level. Certain forms can affect the nervous system and other organs, which is why mercury is routinely monitored in environmental and food testing.

Potential Risks of Cadmium Exposure
Cadmium is particularly relevant to chronic exposure. It can accumulate in the body, especially in the kidneys, and prolonged exposure can contribute to kidney and bone effects.

Why Long-Term Exposure Matters
A supplement is different from a one-time exposure because consumers may take it repeatedly for months or years.

That makes small concentrations worth considering in context. A low result may represent a small contribution to total exposure, while a higher result consumed every day can be more significant.

The correct approach is therefore neither panic nor complacency. A properly tested supplement should have contaminant levels controlled according to applicable specifications, while consumers should avoid assuming that every natural product is harmless simply because the amount of contamination cannot be seen.

Can Shilajit Contain Thallium?
Yes, thallium can occur in shilajit, although that does not mean it is present at a dangerous concentration in every product.

Thallium is a toxic element that can occur naturally in the environment. It has received particular attention in shilajit research because the material’s geological origin makes broader elemental testing relevant.

A 2025 study analyzed crude shilajit from different regions and six commercial shilajit supplements. Thallium was detected in several crude samples and in five of the six commercial products, with concentrations varying substantially. One commercial product had no detectable thallium. The authors also observed that some supplements contained more thallium than some crude shilajit samples.

That study is useful because it demonstrates why broader testing can be worthwhile. At the same time, it involved a limited number of samples. It should not be turned into the claim that every shilajit supplement contains dangerous thallium.

Why Do Heavy-Metal Levels Vary Between Shilajit Products?
Variation is expected because the starting material is naturally variable.

Geographic origin is one factor. Different geological formations contain different minerals and trace elements. Even within a broad region, local geology can differ.

Raw-material sourcing is another factor. A manufacturer that purchases material from multiple suppliers may not be dealing with chemically identical starting material every time.

Environmental exposure can also influence elemental composition. Soil, rocks and water can all contribute elements to natural materials.

Purification introduces another variable. Different manufacturers may use different processes, filtration steps and quality controls. Some may have more rigorous contaminant-reduction procedures than others.

Manufacturing matters too. Water, equipment and other production inputs need appropriate controls because contamination does not necessarily originate in the original raw material.

Finally, there is batch variation. One batch can test differently from another.

This is why it would be scientifically unsound to test one contaminated shilajit product and declare all shilajit contaminated. The opposite mistake is equally problematic: testing one clean sample and declaring every shilajit product safe.

The 2026 research showing variation in elemental composition among shilajit samples from different geographical origins is a good illustration of this point.

How to Choose a Shilajit Supplement With Lower Contamination Risk
The strongest quality signal is independent testing of the finished product. If a company has laboratory results for the actual supplement rather than only a raw ingredient, that gives you more relevant evidence about what you are buying.

A current, batch-specific COA is particularly useful. The batch number on the document should correspond to the batch on the package. A report with no batch information is difficult to connect to a particular bottle.

I would also look for explicit results for lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury. A broader elemental panel can provide additional information, particularly for a naturally mineral-rich product such as shilajit.

Transparent sourcing is another positive sign. The company does not necessarily need to reveal every detail of its supply chain, but it should be willing to explain where the raw material comes from and how it is processed.

The serving size should be clear. Laboratory concentrations mean little without knowing how much product a consumer is expected to take.

Purification should also be explained in reasonably concrete terms. “Purified using our proprietary process” tells you much less than a company that explains the general purpose and quality-control stages of its purification process.

Manufacturer transparency matters. A company that will provide an actual laboratory report is giving consumers something that can be evaluated. A company that repeatedly relies on phrases such as “100% pure,” “mountain harvested,” “heavy-metal free,” or “laboratory approved” without meaningful documentation deserves more skepticism.

Generic certificates are another warning sign. A report for a different product, an unrelated batch, or an ingredient supplied years ago is not equivalent to current testing of the finished supplement.

The goal is not to find a product with marketing language that sounds safest. The goal is to find a product for which the manufacturer can demonstrate reasonable control of contamination.

Raw vs Purified vs Lab-Tested Shilajit
These labels describe different things, and they should not be treated as interchangeable.

Product description
What it tells you
What it does not prove
Raw shilajit
Material is relatively close to its natural state
That contaminants are absent or controlled
Purified shilajit
The material has undergone a processing or purification step
That heavy metals have been completely removed
Purified and laboratory-tested shilajit
Processing has been followed by analytical verification
That the product is risk-free in every respect
If I had to choose between a product advertised simply as “100% natural” and one that is clearly purified and supported by a current, batch-specific laboratory report, the second provides much stronger evidence about quality.

“Natural” describes origin. “Purified” describes processing. “Tested” provides evidence about the result.

Those are three different claims.

How Much Heavy Metal Is Too Much?
There is no single universal number that can be pasted onto every shilajit product and every metal.

Different elements have different toxicological profiles. Different countries and regulatory systems may use different specifications. Product categories can also matter. A limit established for one type of food, medicine or dietary supplement should not automatically be presented as the legal limit for every shilajit product worldwide.

This is also where units can confuse consumers.

Ppm means parts per million. For many solid materials, 1 ppm corresponds to 1 milligram per kilogram. Ppb means parts per billion. One ppm equals 1,000 ppb.

But concentration is only part of exposure. Suppose a laboratory reports a metal concentration in milligrams per kilogram. To estimate the amount consumed, you also need to know how many kilograms of product are being taken, which is usually expressed more conveniently as the serving weight.

That is why a result cannot be interpreted properly by staring at the number alone.

For example, a contaminant concentration has to be considered alongside the serving size and frequency of use. Long-term daily consumption creates a different exposure pattern from occasional use.

Regulatory and pharmacopeial organizations also distinguish between elemental contaminants and broader concepts of impurities. USP General Chapter <2232>, for example, addresses elemental contaminants in finished dietary supplement dosage forms and explains that limits can depend on the relevant product framework.

The safest approach is to compare the actual laboratory result with an appropriate specification for the relevant product and jurisdiction, rather than borrowing a random number from an internet article.

Is Shilajit Safe to Take Every Day?
There is no honest universal yes-or-no answer.

Daily use depends partly on the quality of the product. A properly characterized and tested product gives you more information than an untested raw material. Serving size matters as well, because exposure increases with the amount consumed.

Duration matters too. Someone taking a supplement for a short period has a different exposure pattern from someone taking it every day for years.

Purification, manufacturing controls and laboratory testing all reduce uncertainty, but none turns a supplement into something that is automatically appropriate for every person.

For anyone considering prolonged supplementation, the sensible approach is to examine the product’s quality evidence and consider personal circumstances rather than assuming that daily use is harmless simply because the ingredient is traditional or natural.

Who Should Be Especially Careful With Shilajit?
People who are pregnant or breastfeeding, people taking prescription or regular medicines, and people with significant health conditions should consider speaking with a qualified healthcare professional before using shilajit, particularly for prolonged periods.

The reason is not simply heavy metals. Supplements can contain multiple active or mineral components, and the safety of an ingredient can depend on the person’s circumstances and other exposures.

Anyone concerned about possible heavy-metal exposure from a supplement should also discuss the issue with a healthcare professional rather than attempting to diagnose toxicity from symptoms alone.

7 Questions to Ask Before Buying a Shilajit Supplement
Is the finished product independently tested?
Ideally, yes. Testing the finished product provides evidence about what is actually being sold rather than relying solely on the specifications of a raw ingredient.

Is there a current COA?
A current report is more useful than an old certificate because formulations, suppliers and production batches can change.

Does the COA match the product’s batch number?
It should. A certificate for a different lot cannot directly establish the composition of the bottle in your hand.

Was a validated analytical method used?
The report should identify the method sufficiently for its results to be meaningful. ICP-MS is one established technique used for trace elemental analysis, although the specific method should be appropriate for the intended measurement.

Were lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury tested?
These are key elements to look for in a basic contaminant assessment. A broader panel can provide additional information.

Does the manufacturer explain its purification process?
It does not need to reveal proprietary details, but a meaningful explanation is more useful than simply calling the material “ultra-purified.”

Can the company provide actual laboratory results?
This is perhaps the most revealing question. A company that makes strong safety claims but cannot provide meaningful analytical evidence gives you little basis for evaluating those claims.

Conclusion
So, can shilajit supplement contain heavy metals? Yes. The geological nature of shilajit means that naturally occurring elements can be part of its composition, and studies have found metals including lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium and nickel in some samples. Research has also found substantial variation between samples, which is exactly why it would be misleading to label either all shilajit as contaminated or all shilajit as safe.

The practical question is not simply whether a metal can be detected. It is how much is present, what form it takes, how much product is consumed, how frequently it is taken, and whether the material has been properly purified and manufactured. A current, batch-specific COA from a credible laboratory gives you far more useful information than phrases such as “100% pure,” “natural,” or “heavy-metal free.” Purification is a quality-control step, not a magic guarantee, and laboratory testing is a way of verifying the finished product rather than trusting the label.

If you are about to spend money on shilajit, the best mindset is simple: do not buy the claim, evaluate the evidence. Look for transparent sourcing, meaningful purification information, finished-product testing, identifiable laboratory results and a COA that actually matches the batch you are buying. That will not eliminate every uncertainty, but it gives you a much more rational basis for judging shilajit supplement safety.

FAQs
Can shilajit contain lead?
Yes, shilajit can contain lead because it is a naturally mineral-rich material, and lead has been detected in some shilajit samples and products. However, finding lead does not automatically mean that the product will cause harmful exposure. The actual risk depends on the concentration present, the amount consumed per serving, how frequently it is taken, and the duration of use.

This is why the source and testing of shilajit matter. A product with a current laboratory report showing lead levels within applicable safety limits provides more useful information than a product that simply claims to be natural or purified. Consumers should be cautious of products that provide no information about heavy-metal testing.

Can shilajit contain arsenic?
Yes, arsenic can occur naturally in geological materials, including soil, minerals, and substances such as shilajit. Some shilajit samples have been found to contain arsenic, but the presence of arsenic alone does not indicate that a product is necessarily unsafe. The concentration and chemical form are important when assessing potential exposure.

In particular, inorganic arsenic is generally considered more concerning from a toxicological perspective than many organic forms. For this reason, a total arsenic result should be interpreted properly rather than assuming that any detectable amount represents the same level of risk. Reliable laboratory testing can help determine what is actually present in a particular batch.

Does purified shilajit contain heavy metals?
Purified shilajit can still contain detectable trace elements, including heavy metals. Purification processes are intended to remove unwanted substances and improve the material, but the term “purified” by itself does not prove that every potentially harmful contaminant has been removed. The effectiveness of purification depends on the raw material and the process used.

For consumers, the strongest evidence is testing of the finished purified product. A batch-specific laboratory report can show whether lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and other relevant contaminants were actually measured and at what levels. This is considerably more informative than relying only on a label that describes the product as purified.

How can I test shilajit for heavy metals?
Shilajit can be tested through a qualified analytical laboratory that performs elemental contaminant testing. Techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can detect and measure very small concentrations of elements. Depending on the testing requirements, the laboratory can analyze contaminants such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury.

Ideally, testing should use a representative sample of the actual product or batch being consumed. The report should clearly identify the tested material, the analytical method, the relevant contaminants, and the units and results. A properly documented laboratory analysis is much more useful than relying on visual appearance, taste, or a manufacturer’s general statement that the product has been tested.

Does a COA prove that shilajit is safe?
No. A Certificate of Analysis (COA) provides evidence about the tests performed on a particular product or batch, but it does not guarantee absolute safety. A COA may cover specific contaminants or quality characteristics without addressing every possible impurity, manufacturing issue, dosage consideration, or individual health circumstance.

However, a current and batch-specific COA with actual laboratory results is still valuable evidence when evaluating shilajit. It is stronger than a vague “lab tested” statement because it can show what was tested and what the results were. Consumers should also check whether the laboratory and testing methods are clearly identified and whether the reported results relate to the exact product or batch they are purchasing.

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